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| Species | Pain Indicators | Stress Indicators | |---------|----------------|-------------------| | Dog | Panting, limping, restlessness, guarding posture, whimpering | Lip licking, yawning (out of context), tucked tail, avoidance | | Cat | Facial tension (grimace scale), hiding, reduced grooming, aggression when touched | Excessive grooming, hunched posture, not using litter box | | Horse | Teeth grinding, flank watching, reluctance to move, head pressing | Weaving, box walking, pinned ears, sweating at rest | | Bird | Fluffed feathers, reduced vocalization, lameness on perch | Feather damaging behavior, head bobbing, repetitive pacing |

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“We used to think behavior was a nuisance to work around,” says Dr. Khan. “Now we know it’s a diagnostic vital sign. It’s the animal’s only way of filing a complaint.” | Species | Pain Indicators | Stress Indicators