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An AI screening tool used by a Toronto bank was found to systematically reject applicants whose names were associated with a particular ethnic group. The plaintiffs did not need to prove intent. Because the tool was classified as Tier 2 (significant risk), the bank was forced to open its training data and model logs. The discovery revealed that the AI had learned the bias from the bank’s own 20 years of historical hiring data. The bank paid a settlement of CAD 9 million—and the case became a standard teaching example for Article 4. An AI screening tool used by a Toronto